![]() Hardness generally enters groundwater as the water percolates through minerals containing calcium or magnesium. The ratio of calcium and magnesium in water is also a crucial factor indicating the hardness and in the causation of several hard water health problems. Total hardness includes both temporary and permanent hardness caused by the calcium and magnesium, on the basis of which water is categorized as soft or hard and very hard. In general, it is necessary to distinguish between the two types of hardness because the removal method differs for the two. Non-carbonate hardness cannot be broken down by boiling the water, so it is also known as permanent hardness. Carbonate hardness is sometimes called temporary hardness because it can be removed by boiling water. In contrast, non-carbonate hardness forms when metals combine with anything other than alkalinity. Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralize acids and is attributed to compounds such as carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide, and sometimes borate, silicate, and phosphate. Ĭarbonate hardness is caused by the metals combined with a form of alkalinity. The type of anion found in these salts distinguishes between the two types of hardness-carbonate and non-carbonate hardness. These divalent cations have a propensity to come together with anions in the water to form stable salts. Normally, monovalent ions such as sodium and potassium do not cause hardness. However, hardness can be caused by several other dissolved metals those forms divalent or multivalent cations, including aluminum, barium, strontium, iron, zinc, and manganese. Hard water is usually defined as water, which contains a high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions. Among them a good percentage consumes hard water, which is considered to be a significant etiological factor around the globe causing many diseases such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes, reproductive failure, neural diseases, and renal dysfunction and so on. 884 million people lack access to safe water supplies approximately one in eight people. In response to increasing global and local water scarcity, there is an increasing use of sources such as recovered/recycled water, harvested rainwater, and desalinated water. Drinking-water is consumed not only as water per se but also in beverages and incorporated in food-stuffs. Individual water consumption occurs both at home and elsewhere, such as at schools and workplaces. Of the latter, a small but increasing proportion applies some form of treatment within the home. It is estimated that approximately 17% of the world's population uses water from the unprotected and remote sources, 32% from some form of protected sources and 51% from some sort of centralized (piped) system to the dwelling or a plot. The drinking water supply has a primary objective of protecting human health, including ensuring access to adequate quantities of safe water. It is also very important in food preparation and cooking, sanitation and hygiene, and a wide range of other uses. Water is essential for hydration and therefore, for life.
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